List of equipment’s
1. Manometer.
A manometer is a device that is able to measure the pressure of a medium (a liquid, or a gas), it is also used to check the pressure of cylinder but it can only check the inner pressure not outer. In most cases, the relative pressure will be measured. A barometer can measure the absolute pressure, compared to a vacuum. A common simple manometer consists of a U-shaped glass tube filled with a liquid. It is a simple pressure gauge and its measure difference in pressure exerted at the two ends of the glass tube.
2. Reynolds Apparatus
Reynolds apparatus is used to determine the Reynold's number and hence the type of flow either laminar or turbulent & to study transition zone. The apparatus consists of a glass tube with one end having bell mouth entrance connected to a constant head water tank and at the other end a valve is provided to vary the flow rate. The tank is of sufficient capacity to store water for conducting the test. A capillary tube is introduced centrally in the bell mouth for feeding dye from a small container placed at the top of tank, through polythene tubing. By varying the rate of flow, the Reynold's number is changes. This also changes the type of flow. Visual observation of dye (Thread) will indicate the type of flow, which can be confirmed from the Reynold's number computed. Present setup is self-contained water re-circulating unit, provided with a sump tank and a centrifugal pump etc. Flow control valve and by pass valve are fitted in water line. Flow rate of water is measured with the help of measuring cylinder and stop watch.
3. Bernoulli’s apparatus
In this experiment, the validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be verified with the use of a tapered duct (venturi system) connected with manometers to measure the pressure head and total head at known points along the flow. Bernoulli’s theorem provides a mathematical means to understanding the mechanics of fluids. It has many real-world applications, ranging from understanding the aerodynamics of an airplane; calculating wind load on buildings; designing water supply and sewer networks; measuring flow using devices such as weirs, Parshall flumes, and venturimeters; and estimating seepage through soil, etc. Although the expression for Bernoulli’s theorem is simple, the principle involved in the equation plays vital roles in the technological advancements designed to improve the quality of human life.erical fo llower, Radial follower, Offset Follower. The Bernoulli test apparatus consists of a tapered duct (venturi), a series of manometers tapped into the venturi to measure the pressure head, and a hypodermic probe that can be traversed along the center of the test section to measure the total head. The test section is a circular duct of varying diameter with a 14° inclined angle on one side and a 21° inclined angle on other side. Series of side hole pressure tapping’s are provided to connect manometers to the test section
4. Venturimeter and Orifice meter apparatus
A sort of flowmeter which works according to the principle of Bernoulli’s Equation can be called a venturimeter. It is a commonly used device in water, pharmaceutical, chemical, oil and gas industries. The device has the objective of measuring the flow rate of fluid inside a pipe. An orifice Meter can be explained as a device that has a hole inside it and it is used for taking note of the speed with which a fluid is flowing through taking record of the pressure decrease across the hole.
Fluid machinery lab
List of equipment’s
1. Impact of jet apparatus
The impact of jet apparatus enables experiments to be carried out to determine the reaction force produced through the vane when a jet of water impacts on the vane. The study of these reaction forces is an essential step in the subject of fluids mechanics which can be applied for hydraulic machinery such as the impulse turbine, where the pressure is used to increase the water speed which collides on the fan installed on the pump wheel (turbine), in the form of jets, thus the fan is rotating by the force created by the momentum of water jet. The Impact of jet device consists of a vertical supply pipe connected to a hose. The hose jets water that collides on fan in its center. The fan can be of the shape of a flat or hemispherical plate. The hose and the plate are surrounded by a plastic cylinder with a hole in its base; through this hole the water enters the hydraulics bench. The plate is installed on a vertical axis; on the top side of this axis, an armrest has been connected for certain weights. This armrest is offset by a lever connected by a pointer. The force exerted by the water jet on the fan can be equated through placing of the weight until the armrest returns to normal place against the pointer. The impact of jet of water on different types of vanes is observed and how the force exerted on the different vanes at different mass flow rates is observed and compared.
2. Pelton turbine.
Pelton Turbine is a Tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure energy of water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water jet and this jet strikes the wheel tangentially to make it rotate. It is also called as Pelton Wheel. Different parts and their functions of Pelton turbine are as follows. (1)Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement: - The water from source is transferred through penstock to which end a nozzle is provided. Using this nozzle the high speed water jet can be formed. To control the water jet from nozzle, a movable needle spear is arranged inside the nozzle. (2) Runner and Buckets: - A Pelton turbine consists of a runner, which is a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets are mounted with equal spacing between them. The buckets mounted are either double hemispherical or double ellipsoidal shaped. A dividing wall called splitter is provided for each bucket which separates the bucket into two equal parts. The buckets are generally made of cast iron or stainless steel or bronze depending upon the head of inlet of Pelton turbine. The whole arrangement of runner and buckets, inlet and braking jets are covered by the Casing. (3) Casing: - The whole arrangement of runner and buckets, inlet and braking jets are covered by the Casing. Casing of Pelton turbine does not perform any hydraulic actions but prevents the splashing of water while working and also helps the water to discharge to the tail race.(4) Braking Jet: - Braking jet is used to stop the running wheel when it is not working. This situation arises when the nozzle inlet is closed with the help of spear then the water jet is stopped on the buckets. But Due to inertia, the runner will not stop revolving even after complete closure of inlet nozzle. To stop this, a brake nozzle is provided as shown in figure 1. The brake nozzle directs the jet of water on the back of buckets to stop the wheel. The jet directed by brake nozzle is called braking jet.
Department of Mechanical Engineering